Tag: Training

Running Locomotion 101

Running seems easy. It’s the act of putting one foot in front of the other quickly. One of your legs swings out in front of you and you move onto it. Then the other leg moves out in front of you and you do it again.

This much everybody agrees on.

Yet the mechanics of running aren’t taught at school, it’s something we pick up from watching others. Some people seem to intuitively understand what to do to run fast while others seem to lumber along.

If you start to think about it, or look for guidance from the internet, it quickly becomes a morass of information. Is running the same as falling with gravity, repositioning your legs quick enough to avoid landing on your face? Or are you almost jumping or hopping forwards with each step and lifting your knees high to extend the stride? Which muscles do you use when?

Consider that the only thing which moves you forward is pushing the ground away behind you. Powerful muscular contractions of the glutes and hip muscles ‘out the back’ allow you to skim forward over the ground.  Then when the step is complete, you do the same with the other leg. You don’t waste muscular effort repositioning the foot in front of you, you let the body’s natural stretch mechanisms do it.

It’s just like using a slingshot or catapult. You use all your effort to pull the elastic back to its maximum stretch and then, when you let go, it fires forward.  You can’t make a catapult go forwards faster by doing anything other than letting go.

Just like the elastic on the catapult fires past the Y-mechanism eventually it slows down as it runs out of energy. Likewise the leg and foot shoot past the body and end up in front. That’s when you, as a runner, go back to putting the effort in to getting the foot and leg moving backwards to power the next step.

These are the first principles:

  • Use effort to drive the leg backwards with each step.
  • Let elastic energy in the hip flexors pull the leg forwards.
  • As the leg comes forward, muscular effort is only used to stabilise rather than power.

These simple principles will help you begin to sort through the advice you read. It won’t cover everything but it’s a good starting place.

On form – Heel-to-butt kick

Watch any elite runner and you’ll see their heel kicking up to their buttocks as the leg moves forwards. I have a whole bunch of terms for this – butt kick, heel lift, back lift which I am going to use interchangeably through this article.

From an efficiency perspective it is very important. The days of people owning mechanical clocks are now all but gone, so the majority of people probably have little idea about how the length of a pendulum affects its movement. Basically a long pendulum swings slower than a short one and vice versa. You can test this by grabbing a piece of string, tying an object to the bottom and swinging it at different lengths.

Applying this concept to running – a short leg will swing quicker than a long one. Tall people tend to have slightly slower cadences than shorter people and it is why, when small children run their legs appear to go like the clappers. Of course, once you’re fully grown you can’t change the leg of your legs, you’re stuck with your genetics, unless a disaster happens.

Yet shortening one’s leg is effectively what an elite runner does when they kick their heel up to their backside. As the foot passes closer to the body and above knee height they have essentially halved the length of their leg. It is now only as long as their femur measures from hip to knee. This is sometimes referred to as shortening the lever. A shorter leg comes forwards quicker than a straighter leg helping to reposition it ready for the next step.

With recreational runners we rarely see this butt kick taking place. With some runners it is like they are walking fast, keeping their legs straight – moving them back and forth with a high cadence and barely leaving the ground. To varying degrees, other runners will lift their trailing foot off the ground – some lift it just a few inches whereas others may have it passing the support leg  at calf or even knee height. Once in a while you see recreational runners who have an exaggerated back lift even if they are only moving at a moderate pace, such as eight minute miles. It is almost certainly something they have been taught to do and there are certainly many coaches / Youtubers who advocate doing this. The trouble is while deliberately lifting the heel to the backside seems desirable for the efficiency reasons previously mentioned, it is not.

Don’t initiate ‘the pull’

It’s likely ‘shortening the lever’ will help you run faster, at least in the short-term. To do it you just pull your heel to your butt – to do this you engage the hamstrings. The problem is, this isn’t how it should occur or what the hamstrings are best used for. What they should do is control how quickly the lower leg unfurls once your leg is out in front of the body. This isn’t a conscious process, it just happens with every step you take. Like any muscle they will eventually become tired and fatigued so if you are mistakenly using your hamstrings to actively pull your heel, you’re going to tire them out needlessly.

How to butt kick

The reason you don’t need to actively lift your heel is because when you run correctly it naturally happens. In my look at glute-powered running, In a previous post, I discussed how an elite runner like David Rudisha uses his glutes to swing his leg from in front of him to behind. At some point the thigh physically cannot go any further back and he tips up into a toe-off.

Looking at a snapshot of what happens a few frames later we see his thigh has barely moved but the lower leg has begun to lift. This is momentum transferring down the leg through what is referred to as the kinetic chain. It generates power in many sporting actions from kicking a football, throwing a javelin,  swinging a golf club to delivering a knockout punch. Energy is generated by big powerful muscles and then transferred to the smaller extremities to achieve a higher speed. It’s the same process that allows Indiana Jones to to crack his whip – his arm and body begin the movement and then the energy transfers through the handle and down the whip to create the cracking sound.

For Rudisha, after the leg appears to momentarily pause, it then begins to move forward. This is powered by the elastic energy that has been stored in the muscles on the front of the hip and thigh. When the leg was moving backwards these muscles were being stretched like an elastic band and now, just like when the elastic band is let go they ping back to their normal length. This pulls the thigh forward, but it doesn’t affect the lower leg so that continues its journey towards the runner’s butt.

Eventually the lower leg either runs out of momentum or reaches its closest point to the  butt. If everything is timed well, it is enough to carry it under the runner’s body as a shortened lever.

Composite image of David Rudisha’s stride showing the heel lift and pass under the body

Not everybody butt kicks

Given that I’m describing this as a natural sequence of events, you might expect everybody to lift their heel to their backside and kick butt yet this isn’t what we see. The main reason is you have to be running at high speed for it to happen. You won’t see any sprinter who doesn’t butt kick and this isn’t taught to them except by bad coaches – it just happens.

Your legs have to be moving back and forth quickly to create the momentum in the lower leg. Quite how fast you need to be is some undefined combination of factors such as pace, leg length, foot weight and stride rate.

All elite distance runners back kick because they are rarely run slower than five minute miles. The women’s marathon is the slowest elite distance race and Tigist Assefa can be seen butt kicking on the way to her marathon world record.

Tigist Assefa running behind two pacers demonstrating a high heel lift at 5min/mile

Yet if you see an elite distance runner out for a jog, at say nine minute mile pace, their heel doesn’t kick their butt. The foot will come off the ground but it is not the efficient shortened lever. At slower speed the leg just doesn’t have the momentum to carry the foot up to recover close to the backside.

There is another reason why we often don’t see any backlift in recreational runners and this is because many over-rotate their hips which I discussed in this post. Instead of the leg swinging straight backwards and forwards with a long range of motion to create power and momentum, a shorter stride length is creating by turning the hips. Arguably this may simply be a factor explaining why they’re slower at running but I noticed in the footage of Tigist Asseffa breaking the world marathon record, she appears to have one foot lift higher than the other. I suspect this is due to over-rotation of the hips as it is reflected in one shoulder rolling more than the other. She is not the only long distance runner who seems to have some inefficiency in this area.

Final thoughts

Kicking the heel to butt for more efficient recovery is something which occurs with good running form and mechanics. Attempting to force it by pulling your heel up is unnecessary and will tire the hamstrings. Arguably it could be beneficial to slower runners but the counterargument is that spending the time learning to pull the foot up is training time that could be used to improve speed so it happens naturally. Ingraining bad form is unlikely to be a good idea because it is harder to undo later on. To get the natural heel lift, you need to get the glutes firing and the leg swinging through to an extended toe-off.

The information detailed here is based on personal experience and that contained in Steve Magness’ The Science of Running Book. Magness was the Cross Country coach at the University of Houston where he was able to speak with Tom Tellez, the track coach who coached many athletes including Carl Lewis who was the 100m world record holder during the 1980s and 1990s.

Jogging around

When I began running it wasn’t uncommon for it to be known as jogging. Being a jogger or going out for a jog was the standard term. Yet somewhere in the last decade or so, this term has almost become pejorative and insulting. Everyone now wants to think of themselves as a runner.

In his book Better Training for Distance Runners, which was first published in 1991, Peter Coe describes jogging as “very slow running – 7 to 8 min/mi for talented young-adult men (4:21 to 4:58 min/km) and 8 to 9 min/mi for talented young-adult women (4:58 to 5:36 min/km). For runners not so talented, as well as for older runners, these paces would be slower.” (p.177)

It’s always stuck in my mind that he put a number on it yet revisiting the quote I notice he actually defines jogging relative to ability (or expected ability). He doesn’t simply say “anything slower than 7 minute miling is jogging” he qualifies it. He sees jogging as a slower version of running.

I have to say I don’t find moving at 7min/mile pace to be easy or what I think of as a jog but then I am neither talented nor young!

Even so the idea of jogging is one I feel is underrated. My recovery days are all jogs as I define them and which I suspect Peter Coe would agree with. Very easy runs that barely feel like I’m putting in effort. On a good day this is currently around 8:20/mile, on the bad days it is slower and still feels a little struggle due to soreness or tired muscles.

A while back I was working on building my stride length by running sprints on the flat and hills. I did this through May and then my right hip-glute area felt fatigued. I put the sprints on hold and went jogging. After a week or two the hip area felt good enough to resume the sprints. I then upped them to twice per week and felt the creep of fatigue coming back into my right hip area. After five weeks, there came a point when I knew I’d done enough and I went back to jogging. This time the jogging was very slow by my standards – slower than 9 minute miling and on one run averaging 9:50/mile. It doesn’t really matter whether this is objectively fast or slow, it was jogging and felt very easy at my current level.

I am a big proponent of jogging, without looking at your watch for pace or heart-rate, to aid recovery. As I write above, sometimes I think this needs to be for an extended period until the body feels good. One of the extra benefits is you can still go out for a ‘run’ every day and mentally tick off the exercise box.

For some reason, the vast majority of ‘runners’ don’t seem to embrace jogging these days. They always feel they have to be doing some kind of session. They might throw in the occasional easier day but more often they take a rest day instead. When they have an ache or pain they never see it as worthwhile to go with a period of easy running until the body recovers. I think they are missing out.

Built for speed

It was New Year’s Day 2012. I’d returned to the scene of my first parkrun around the University of Southampton playing fields in Eastleigh. Ten months earlier, it had been a cold, frosty February morning and I’d gone haring off the start line slowly fading to get round in 23:38. Now with another thirty-five parkruns under my belt, I’d almost broken twenty minutes.

As we stood listening to the briefings, applauding new runners and visitors; it became apparent we had an Olympian in midst. Standing 6’2” with bleached blonde hair and broad chested it was hard to miss Iwan Thomas, especially as he stood head and shoulders above many of the other runners present. Like me, this would be his second Eastleigh parkrun.

As we set off running, I kept an eye on him but my legs were fatigued. I’d run all-out the day before at Poole so gradually he opened up a lead of fifty metres. It stayed like that for the first two laps then on the final one, the gap extended and he finished in 20:45; I trailed in almost a minute behind in 21:35. Of course he never even knew we were racing!

These days Iwan Thomas is often seen on television either as a panellist, contestant or doing roving reports on The One Show. As an international athlete, he was a key part of Great Britain’s 400m success in the 1990s. He won silver in the 4x400m relay at the Atlanta Olympics and gold at the World Championships a year later. He and compatriot Roger Black competed in the Olympic 400m final which was easily won by the legendary Michael Johnson. Roger raced as the 400m British record holder and held it until Iwan broke it in a time of 44.36s. This stood for almost twenty-five years and it was only in May 2022 that Matthew Hudson-Smith finally ran faster than either of these legends.

When his athletics career wound down Iwan began trying longer distances. The London Marathon was an obvious choice where he clocked 3hr58 in 2009 and over the next six years he set personal bests of 40:16 for 10K, 1hr12 for 10 miles and 1hr37 for half marathon. He also took up parkrunning and has racked up over one hundred with a best of 19:18 at Netley Abbey where he usually runs. Currently he’s running around 22-23 minutes there as he approaches fifty.

A couple of years ago in the October 2021 edition of Runners World they detailed his ultrarunning in the South Downs Way 100. That’s one hundred miles from Winchester to Eastbourne. A significant motivator for doing this was to raise money for charity due to difficulties his son suffered after birth. Iwan recognised he’s not built to run ultras saying “I’m 15½ stone. I was designed to go from A to B in 44 seconds. I wasn’t meant to conserve energy and not have high knee lift or a long stride.” When it came to the race, he ended up finishing 304th of 308 finishers in 29hr35. It was a tough race and he was left believing he might have completed it faster as he wasn’t physically ready for it. He’d barely trained in the preceding months due to a tendinitis injury and motorway accident; although race organisers had got him to run a 50-mile ultra as evidence he would capable of the longer event.

Back at Eastleigh parkrun, with only 68 of us having braved any New Year’s Eve hangovers it was easy to find the opportunity to say a brief “Hello”. What struck me wasn’t anything he had to say – it was his size and build. I was looking eye-to-eye with him, standing just as tall and strong.

While Iwan is now 15½ stone, I’d guess he was somewhere around 13-14stone in his prime. Research on other elite 400m runners shows Matthew Hudson-Smith is 6’4” / 12st4lbs, Martin Rooney is 6’6” / 12st 11lbs, Roger Black ran at 6’3” / 12st 6lbs and Michael Johnson at 6’1” / 12st 7lbs.  Those physiques are very comparable to my own. I’m 6’2” and have slimmed down over the past two years to just over 12stone and under 10% body fat. In my younger days, I was usually around 14 stone and more muscular.

I’ve been training and running consistently for the past decade and I’ve come to the conclusion that I’m not particularly suited to distance running. This fits with me being built more like a 400m runner. I’ve always believed everybody is capable of doing everything to a decent standard so it’s a bit galling to have to admit that perhaps you can be genetically limited. My personal bests are all similar to Iwan’s and it’s fair to say they are decent times and many runners would be happy with them. Yet they’re a long way off the best – about 50% worse than the world records and I see many runners around me who naturally run faster off less training.

Does this mean I should give up distance running? Not at all, I’m still determined to get the best out of myself. It just means I’m reconsidering my approach. If speed is where my strengths lie then I need to keep working at that. Looking back to when I started parkrunning, I had good speed but I didn’t understand how to create endurance and stamina or how to convert that speed into better parkrun times. In my pursuit of figuring this out, I got away from speed, allowing it to decay as I spent sessions logging miles and experimenting with different training systems. Now I’m going to dedicating myself to redeveloping my speed.

If you too are interested in improving your speed then contact me to purchase my Get Faster … Speed Training course.

Durations to think about in training

How long can you sprint? Why is the first minute of your parkrun fast? Why do we train differently for a 10K and a marathon?

Each of these questions is determined by what is going on in the body and its capacities. While the exact figure can be a touch higher or lower for you – especially depending on whether you’re well-trained or badly trained – overall they’re numbers that help structure your training. With time and focus you should be able to get a sense of exactly where your numbers are.

8-10secs Sprinting energy

Sprinting is powered by the phosphocreatine energy system, which is sometimes abbreviated to ATP-PC, or called the Anaerobic Alactic energy system. I like to call it the Sprinter’s energy system because that’s more meaningful and tells you what it does.

It produces energy quickly and allows you to move very fast but it doesn’t last long. For a distance runner, it’s useful for getting off the start line or finding a sprint finish or mid-race surge. Surprisingly it’s also the energy system you call upon when you get up off the couch to go make a cup of tea!

This is the system that kicks in when you do interval work – especially if you set off fast.

1min30 Anaerobic limitation

Beyond the sprinter’s energy system detailed above, there is a secondary anaerobic energy system. Its names include Fast Glycolysis, Anaerobic Glycolysis and Lactic Acid energy system. It’s what 400m runners use in their races and is a big contributor to the 800m.

For distance runners, they’re using it when they run intervals at the track which last within this timeframe. Being anaerobic it gets you out of breath and you find yourself puffing. This isn’t to say there isn’t some contribution from the aerobic system but for anyone with good speed, it’s mostly coming anaerobically.

For most parkrunners, you’ll see the first 1-2mins are quick and then their pace drops away. This is because they’ve mostly run on anaerobic energy and then they’re having to rely on the aerobic.

8min Running at VO2max

V02max is a scientific measure of your aerobic capacity. The body takes in oxygen through the lungs, the heart pumps the oxygen around in the bloodstream for the muscles to use. There is a limit to how much oxgyen you can transport and exercise scientists finding this out by doing treadmill tests and collecting the air their subject breathes in and out. I did a VO2max test at college and it is not a pleasant experience. It’s nice enough at the slower speeds but once you get up to speed and are beginning to exceed your VO2max, you quickly begin to accumulate oxygen debt and then you’re hanging on mentally to continue running as the treadmill pushes you. Eventually you have to stop, or I suppose you could collapse and fall off the back of the treadmill if you have the willpower to push on!

In real terms, we have the ability to run at our VO2max pace for up to eight minutes. We can go faster for shorter periods of time, we can go slower for longer. Reigning Olympic 1500m champion, Jakob Ingebrigtsen set the 2-mile world record in June 2023 at 7:54 which means he was running on his VO2max for the race. A world-class woman like Sifan Hassan has run 3,000m in 8:18; so she’s probably thereabouts.

None of this makes a lot of sense from the ordinary runner’s perspective other than to recognise that a high aerobic capacity is very helpful for good distance running. Even when you have talent it takes time to build this aerobic capacity.

12min – steady state reached

Another thing I learned at college was a phrase used by one of the physiology lecturers “it takes twelve minutes to reach steady state”. As I wasn’t a distance runner at the time or interested in physiology/biology lectures, it didn’t mean much to me. It probably doesn’t to you.

What it means in practical terms is that this is how long, on average, it takes for the body to warm-up. If you go running off down the road your legs may feel good but your breathing will struggle. You’ll settle down after a few minutes but it actually takes longer for the body to properly warm-up.

Personally I take a good 15-mins or so to reach a point where my speed has picked up and my breathing can cope. Other runners may take a little less than twelve minutes. Either way there’s two offshoots to this – firstly your quick jog down the path and back for a minute at parkrun isn’t a proper warm-up. Secondly if you’re going out for a run and it only lasts 20 minutes you’re not actually getting lots of training benefit from it. Of course this applies more to regular, committed runners who do significant volumes of training than those who only run once or twice per week.

40min – optimal production of human growth hormone

During exercise the body produces many hormones but let’s focus on human growth hormone. As the name implies this is important for repair, growth and replenishment within the body after a bout of hard exercise.

At the beginning of any run the production of this hormone begins to ramp up and at an hour it has reached its highest level at 600% of where the body started out – a sixfold increase. At forty minutes we’re already at 550% so while the next twenty minutes will raise the level higher, if you’re time pressed or out for a recovery run this is the optimal duration. You’re getting close to the maximum but in only two-thirds of the time.

Combine this with my comments above on warm-up taking twelve minutes and you can see why a run lasting at least thirty minutes is beneficial.

1hr – limit at lactate threshold

The lactate threshold is much talked about. It’s sometimes calculated as the fastest pace which you can run in an hour, something of a self-defining quantity. Once you go past the hour, the pace has to drop and you’ll be into Steady State and closer to marathon pace. While you wouldn’t train at this pace frequently or for this duration, it is worth knowing that when you’re putting together endurance training sessions, it’s good to go out for an hour.

1hr30 – glycogen depletion

If you’re training at a decent pace or you’re aerobically inefficient then you can expect your glycogen stores to run out somewhere around an hour and a half. This is why elite marathoners take on fuel during races. Even though they’re highly efficient, when they’re due to run for over two hours, their glycogen stores won’t quite be able to last them running at marathon pace for that long.

Running out of glycogen is the infamous “hitting the wall”. That usually takes place around twenty miles which fits with elite runners having stores for around 1hr40-45. Often they start a race a little slower and therefore preserve their stores.

With training the body learns to store more glycogen but to achieve that you have to get the body to deplete its stores or close to it in training. If you keep doing long runs taking gels or supping energy drinks the body has no need to learn to store more.

2hr30 to 3 hours – diminishing training returns

In their Hansons’ Marathon Method book, the Hanson discuss why long training runs lasting over three hours are not beneficial to runners. I detailed some of this in the 20-mile myth. Their point is the longer you run for, the more damage the body has to recover from. Slower marathon runners are prone to spending four hours or more on their Long Runs week after week which leaves them struggling for motivation and the body to recover. It’s best not to run too often for longer than 2hr30.

With many of these variables, training improves them. An untrained sprinter may have a ATP-PC system that only lasts a few seconds initially, like their Lactic Acid system. Distance runners can extend the time they spend at VO2max or lactate threshold pace.

The First sub 3:50 woman

Elite women run fast. We know the sprinters are very fast running under 11seconds for a 100m. On Friday June 2nd at the third Diamond League meeting of 2023, Faith Kipyegon showed she has great speed reaching 25km/hr at times. It was that speed, combined with endurance, which enabled her to become the first woman to run 1,500m in under 3:50 – a pace which would have brought her in for 4:06 for a mile.

As the reigning Olympic and World Champion, Kenya’s Kipyegon who is approaching thirty years old was heavily favoured to win in Florence, Italy. While pacemakers are still present to lead runners out in the early laps, modern athletics now has a moving set of lights around the edge of the track to help with even pacing. These had been set at 62secs per 400m which equates to a 3:52.5 time.

The blue and yellow lights indicate the required pace

I took a look at the race to see how it was run and find out how the laps broke down. Due to its distance the 1,500 metres is unusual in starting at the beginning of the back straight – which allows athletes to cover 300m followed by three laps of 400m.

The splits as best I could determine them were:

  • 100m – 14.5secs – imagine that. How many of us can even run that from a standing start without blocks even without having to run a further 1,400m?
  • 300m – 46s – first crossing of the finish line
  • 400m – 1:02.37s – first lap of the track
  • 700m – 1:48.2s – second crossing of the finish line. Just before this around the 600m mark the first pacemaker dropped out
  • 800m – 2:04 – second lap of the track taking 61.63s. The other pacemaker drops out at 900m
  • 1100m – 2:50 – third crossing of the finish line – one full lap to go
  • 1200m – 3:05.28 – third lap of the track taking 61.28s. The last 100m has only taken 15-16s
  • 1500m – 3:49.11 – a new WORLD RECORD.  The final lap has taken 58.81s – a pace of 3:57/mile

It’s a truly remarkable performance which saw Britain’s Laura Muir finishing eight seconds behind in a season’s best time of 3:57.09 and Australia’s Jess Hull setting a national record in 3:57.29 as she finished third. Both runners had worked their hardest to keep up with Faith Kipyegon yet they ended up thirty metres behind. No-one in the rest of the field could even crack four minutes which begins to give an indication of the gulf that exists between Kipyegon and the others.

Faith Kipyegon flies down the back straight on her way to a new world record

Watching her run, she has decent compact form and is very balanced. Every stride is powerful and I’d estimate she’s taking around 200 steps per minute. This isn’t unusual for a middle distance runner or for a shorter runner. Faith is listed at 1.57m / 5’2” and weighs 43kg / 93lbs. What’s surprising is when you calculate the distance she’s covering with each step it works out at around 2.08m and that’s over 30% longer than she is tall. And she’s doing it for almost four minutes!

As a coach, these are the things I think about and marvel at. I’ve previously written two articles on stride length (first and second) as well as what elite runners speed is. Developing these can take time but is worthwhile even for distance runners. Consider that on average Faith Kipyegon’s new world record is the equivalent of running fifteen consecutive 100m races in 15.2secs and there are no excuses available about having little legs!

Experiencing Aerobic Limitation

I spent a rainy bank holiday morning sprinting up a nearby hill repeatedly. It’s a key part of getting faster and one that I’ve not done since last summer. Having woken at 6am, I grabbed a bowl of cereal then did the crossword while breakfast digested. About 8:15am, I headed out the door and there was light rain falling. The session I had in mind is not big – a 15 minute warm-up run, 5 mins of drills to help the mobility, the main session of 10 hill sprints and then a ten minute warmdown. But it is time-consuming because each sprint is followed by three minutes of recovery. In the end, it took over an hour to complete. What interested me is what the session told me about how to train for distance running.

Setting off on my warm-up it took three minutes for my body to crank the pace up and reach eight minute miling. My route is a mixture of ups and downs such that, by the end of the first mile, I’d been hitting sub-6 pace on a steeper downhill stretch – 7min38 popped up on my watch. The second mile came in at 7min04 and then I tacked on another thirty seconds back to home. What surprised me was how relatively hard I was finding it. My breathing was beginning to huff and puff like I was running a parkrun and my heart-rate reached 160bpm at the end. All in all, I was glad when I finished my warm-up and could walk back round the corner to do drills.

With the rain falling steadily and knowing I’d be standing around between the hill efforts, I elected to keep the drills short. Just one repetition of each drill taking 15 seconds and then a stride back to my start position with around 30s time to recover before the next. The stride reinforces what I’m programming as well as warming the legs up for the quicker, more violent efforts up the hill. Once again, by the end of these I was puffing and my heart-rate had steadily increased to 155bpm; each subsequent effort building the heart-rate higher than the one before.

Finally I was ready. I walked to the base of the hill and then spent a few minutes chatting with an old chap about goings on. The important thing about hill sprints is to attempt them with fresh legs so I didn’t mind an extra few minutes spent conversing. Hills sprints want to get maximum effort from the muscles which is why they only last seconds and then you get a nice long recovery. The short timeframe allows your ATP-PC energy system to be the key producer of energy while the long recovery ensures it has recharged.

The first effort I sprinted up the hill and my legs were turning over so smoothly. I was barely breathing, it was how I’d feel if I was out for a jog. Then I started to walk back down the hill and the oxygen debt kicked in and within fifteen seconds my heart-rate had reached 139bpm having started down at 90bpm. The second effort felt a little harder on the breathing especially afterwards and my heart-rate reached 143bpm. By the time I’d ambled back downhill to my starting place, it was back to 114bpm and I was feeling okay. After that my heart-rate never got out into the 140s again. Sometimes the oxygen debt after each effort resulted in very quick gasps for breath yet it didn’t take long to be back to normal. As the sprints went on they got a little slower, this is unsurprising because the muscles are beginning to fatigue and they can’t power getting as far up the hill.

After my 10th and final effort, I walked down until one minute had elapsed then began a warmdown run. My legs felt like they were springing along yet the pace was barely quicker than nine minute miling.

What intrigued me about this session was how two such different ways of training – the warm-up and sprints both taxed me in different ways. The warm-up pace picked up gradually to be a little quicker than seven minute miling where I still had room to run faster. Yet it would have been hard to stay running like this for an extended period of time. By contrast the hill sprints which are an absolute blast of maximal energy felt so much easier.

According to the wisdom of heart-rate training I could have done sprints all day long as I maxed out at whereas my warm-up reached 160bpm. Yet I know that wouldn’t be a good idea – no-one would do that, neither a sprinter or distance runner.  It highlights one of the problems of heart-rate training.

What really came home to me from the warm-up is that the thing limiting my distance running is not speed related. This is what I experienced when I first began parkrunning a decade and more ago. Every week I would run and feel there was more available in the tank yet not understand what was stopping me.

The limitation was not one of being able to run very fast for a short time as it is with anaerobic limitation, it was one of being able to run fast for a relatively long time. That’s where aerobic development is required. It took me the next five years to really begin unravelling this conundrum in detail. I read many books which talk about it needing to be done yet it’s not until you viscerally experience it that it becomes clear what is going on.

I meet many runners who haven’t yet had this realisation that being able to run fast 200s, 300s, 400s is not necessarily going to turn them into a faster distance runner. Sometimes it does but more often than not it’s about building speed through good distance training.

Maybe this is something I can help you with? Not everybody wants to be coached for a race, sometimes they simply need a training review. Understanding what they need to do next to get to the next level – is it speed or endurance they should work on. Just head over to the Contact page and give me some basic details and we can arrange a 1 hour consultation.

Update on my 800m training – Apr 2023

April has been a quiet month. Entering it I had high hopes of recording a decent time at Bournemouth Bay 1/2M but those were trashed when I ran three minutes slower than last year. I tapered better this year and my legs felt fresher on the day but, come the run it was a gradual slide with the first 2-3 miles coming in at just under seven minute miles. From mile five onwards the pace dropped to 7:25 and worse. I just had nothing and have easily done better runs in training. I documented last month how I ran six miles in 42-mins in training.

What was strange was how low my heart-rate was throughout the run. It ended up averaging 149bpm which when I consider I do Steady runs in the low 150s was very out of place. What it does go to prove is how little use a heart-rate monitor can be.

I took five days off after the half (no running at all) then went to Poole parkrun and ran 20:57. Both my calves and glutes were sore from it and I had a very slow, dreary Sunday 10-mile run. I ran thirty minutes each day through the following week and returned to Poole parkrun knocking my time down to 20:39. The following week was the same routine, a slightly faster but still drudgy ten mile run then thirty minutes each day. This resulted in a 20:17 parkrun! Three weeks of easy running, no speedwork and my racing simply got faster by forty seconds.

It now seems clear that I’d fatigued my legs too much in training. When I look back I’ve been doing fifty mile weeks since last summer and training hard in the week. The heart-rate monitor numbers were correct but the monitor itself can’t tell you how fatigued you are.

My overall feeling though is one of disillusionment – I’m simply not cut out for distance running. When I compare my training to others, I simply don’t get the results from training that they achieve off much less. I train hard with all sorts of different sessions but ultimately I’m physically not cut out for long distances.

I’ve known this for a while, it’s why I started training for the 800m. Thus far I haven’t really worked on developing my speed to a high level because I’ve been trying to keep the aerobic side in balance. As I’ve written in the Ageing series, the best male sprinters of my age are running under 11 seconds for 100m, 22s for 200m and 50s for 400m. While I’ve not gone all-out at any of these I’d be surprised if I could crack 14s for 100m, 30s for 200m or 1min15 for 400m – that’s just too far down and a gap I need to close up. It’s not because I’m not capable, it’s because I haven’t trained for it in years.

I’m beginning to conclude this has been where I’m going wrong. The first two iterations of training I followed JackD’s plan as he is a proven coach. It didn’t really help me. Last year I began hill training using a progression from Steve Magness’ The Science of Running and I felt this made a difference despite only doing one weekly session for three months.

I’m torn between entirely given up on the distance work until I’m notably nearer to the age-group records or trying to keep the two things in balance. All I know is when I started running seriously a decade ago, I was probably quicker on the speed side. I have little objective proof of this but my legs were much bigger and stronger. I was quickly able to build some of my best times at parkrun, 10K and half marathon on lower mileage than I’ve been doing recently because I had the speed first.

This summer’s plan is to repeat what I did last April / May / June. I combined Steve Magness’ hill sprints on a Monday with Jack Daniels’ 800m training plan on Wednesdays and Fridays. I lasted about nine weeks before I could see I’d peaked and my aerobic fitness was declining.

This year I’m intending to do the same but with some changes. Where I previously followed Jack’s plan for runners covering 30-40mpw, this year I’m downgrading to the 20-30mpw plan with shorter recovery and long runs. Actually Jack’s long run has always lasted only about an hour on these plans but I always did something in the 1hr30-40 range in an attempt to keep my aerobic system up.

The other change I’m going to make, as I’m not doing a time trial prior to starting training, is to be conservative on my numbers. I’m based my training level on my half marathon and fastest parkrun which basically have me running at the level of a 2:36 800m runner. It’s not that fast but I’m aiming to keep my legs fresher this year through less intensity and lower volume of training. Again this 2:36 start point is why I don’t think I’ve got the speedside sorted. It really isn’t that fast given how in shape and athletic I am. I just haven’t trained for speed enough in years.

I resumed faster training in the final week of April. I did 6x8sec hill sprints on Monday which felt great and I loved despite blowing hard at the end of each effort. On Wednesday I did 6x200m with 200m jog recovery aiming for 43s, they avg’ed 40.4sec. On Friday my legs were perking up and I repeated the session, this time with eight efforts, and they avg’ed 39.6sec. My body felt like it was hitting new territory. Or at least territory which it hasn’t been to in a long time. My breathing was gasping in the final efforts. I’ve been there before but this felt different for some inexplicable reason.

Before each of the workouts, I’ve been doing drills and strides to help warm-up and ingrain good form. I began these eighteen months ago and change has been gradual, notably beginning to kick in at the start of the year when I was doing my last block of short intervals. This explains why my glutes and calves hurt after the half marathon. It was the longest sustained effort I’ve done using that running form and therefore being powered by those muscles. My stride seems to be lengthening and when I begin an effort I can hit higher cadences than usual. This all suggests I can get quicker and build my speed up to the levels I desire.

Update on my 800m training – Feb / Mar 2023

Winter training isn’t fun if the weather isn’t amenable to it. And it hasn’t been. We seem to have had windy, cloudy days through Feb and March. Fortunately not much rain although that doesn’t particularly bother me. But when you’re trying to do longer intervals or steady runs and track improvement week-to-week, windy is frustrating.

I came into these months looking to build endurance ready for a half marathon on April 2nd. I’m generally very pleased with how this training block has turned out although, as they say, the proof will be in the pudding. Let’s see how the actual race goes.

I did the race last year scraping under 1hr34 which was my fastest half marathon in almost ten years. While results-wise that is pleasing, I didn’t run my best race, my best running was left in training. On race day my legs had gone. They were heavy and lethargic and I couldn’t push any faster than 6:40/mile at any point. This despite having averaged 6:32/mile for three two-mile efforts on March 15th. The aim was to avoid that this year.

I went with the same training plan as last year but started the long interval build-up two weeks earlier to give myself more time for a longer taper. On Fridays I did my Steady hour run on the flats of the beach promenade whereas last year I ran a hilly local route. The knock-on of this latter point, as I shall explain later, is I ran quicker parkruns immediately the day after.

Below in the tables are the sessions I ran last year and this. You can see on the first week my mile repeats are very similar – both averaging around 6:55/mile with the first mile quick and then a slide as the endurance ebbs away. In the following weeks the body gets better at stamina work – holding a fast pace for longer and the efforts improve.

Last yearEffort 123456TotalPace
15-Feb6x1mile6:496:526:526:546:457:0241:146:53
22-Feb4×1½ mile10:0210:0910:0110:1140:236:44
1-Mar3×2 mile13:1613:1913:2840:036:41
8-Mar2×3 mile19:4220:2440:066:40
15-Mar3×2 mile12:5413:0413:1239:126:32
22-Mar4×1½ mile9:559:599:569:5839:486:38
This yearEffort 123456TotalPace
31-Jan6x1mile6:456:546:556:566:597:0541:366:56
7-Feb4×1½ mile10:0210:1910:2610:3341:206:53
14-Feb3×2 mile13:1113:5014:1641:176:53
21-Feb2×3 mile20:0720:3440:416:47
28-Feb3×2 mile13:3114:5314:3542:597:10
7-Mar4×1½ mile9:449:5610:0610:1640:026:40
14-Mar6x1mile6:256:356:346:426:496:5540:006:40

While the general improvement seen is similar, this year’s numbers were behind last year’s. While the weather wasn’t perfect, I can’t blame that. There was something else at work. What these numbers don’t show is the effort being put in. While I could add heart-rate data, that doesn’t really show it either.  This year my heart-rate has generally been 2-3 beats lower on these efforts which chimes with the slightly slower pace.

What’s not revealed is the effort I was putting in. When I ran last year’s effort, I would overcook them and go anaerobic. Gasping for breath in latter efforts and pushing hard to keep the pace up. I might have expected that effort to show up in higher max heart-rates, if not the average, but it doesn’t which is why I’ve moved away from gadget / data-driven training. This year I deliberately tried to keep my pace under control by focusing on my breathing and not pushing my self too hard. I still pushed hard but not too hard.

As a sidenote, it’s worth explaining what happened in the session on 28th February. The local roads were being dug up to install higher speed broadband cable so I went to the beach. I had hopes this would be quick as it’s on the flat but it was windy. Even so I set it up to have the benefit of the wind on two of my three efforts but my legs had nothing. On reflection, I was suffering a VO2 lull so I just tried to get through it as best I could. Trouble is, I also misprogrammed my watch and instead of having a 0.5mile recovery, the next effort started after 0.05mile which had only taken about thirty seconds to jog! I had to reprogramme the session on the fly and guesstimate the recovery. All in all it was, what we technically call, a balls-up. It would have been easy to get downhearted about the day’s numbers, but after all these years of running I have learned it is just part of the process.

Fridays and parkruns

I consider the hour long Friday sessions to be an important part of building endurance. They highlight where aerobic speed is at. This year’s sessions weren’t as fast as other years but what was incredible was going to parkrun the following day and running decent times. Last year my parkrun was around 24-25 minutes following a Steady run; in 2019 it was more like 27-28mins. That said, I think last year’s hilly route took more out of my legs but perhaps also provided the extra ounce of speed I was seeing in the long intervals.

DistanceRun TimePace per mileFastest mileParkrun
3-Feb8 miles1:02:187:477:0922:53 Upton
10-Feb91:07:007:246:4322:22 Upton
17-Feb91:12:248:007:2921:53 Upton
24-Feb91:06:247:206:5821:19 Poole
1-Mar91:04:227:066:5921:44 Upton
10-Mar91:05:267:136:4021:17 Upton
17-Mar81:00:187:317:11Tapering
24-Mar6 (local)42:007:006:52Tapering
26-Mar7½ (fasted)54:597:236:56Tapering

One reason why I’ve moved away from data-driven training is that some of my endurance days are coming in at relatively low heart-rates yet I’m not racing significantly quicker. My 21:19 at Poole averaged 6:50/mile at a heart-rate of 147bpm – well below the 152HR I consider to be the top of my pure aerobic for a Steady run. I’m hopeful these numbers point to capacity for getting quicker in the summer but I think they actually point to simply having better endurance which is not that important in a shorter distance race especially the 800m which I’m targeting.

Recovery

The notable improvement in my running seems to have come in recovery. While not every session has been as hoped for, my average speed through the week has been improving. Being able to run fast on Tuesday, on Friday, on Saturday and then sub-8 on my long runs is a far cry from where I was a few years back. I could barely run 8-miles at a sub-8 pace once in a week. On top of the effort days, my recoveries have generally been approaching or faster than 8min/mile – a few years ago these would have been well over 9min/mile.

I think this has been the route of the problem. Running easy runs too fast – it is a perennial problem among runners – I can screw it up as well as anyone! Although the runs are manageable and haven’t been causing me any pain, I think they have been creating muscle damage and fatigue. That explains why I can’t run faster in actual workouts. Again, the data isn’t good enough – my heart-rates on runs have been low enough to be classed as recovery but the tech can’t measure muscle damage directly. We can only infer it from how training is going.

In the middle of March I made a decision to go slower on my recovery runs and I think it was the right one. Along with the taper my legs have begun to perk up.

The final workout

I did my final workout on Tuesday. I call it a workout but it wasn’t there for training effect, only to keep the legs reminded of what’s coming up. I did a 30-min Steady run with a half mile effort dropped in after two miles. The two mile warm-up came in at 7:10 pace and then the half mile was unexpectedly quick. It came in at three mins exactly – 6min/mile pace. I did push it a little towards the end but considering I went straight into it off the warmup I was pleased with it. Thinking back to December 2020 and my first 800m time trial that’s essentially what I ran that day – except I had fresh legs and my lungs burned for an hour afterwards. This time I jogged home and got on with life

Half marathon on Sunday April 2nd

The rest of the week has been some easy 30-min jogs and rest days. I’m hoping the 800 wasn’t too much of a shock for the legs. If it was, it’s probably not going to go well and I’ll be left rueing it but at least knowing I’m set up for excellent spring training.

I’m not sure what to expect on Sunday. I believe my stamina is better than last year and therefore I will record a better time. Last year I struggled because of the misjudged taper, this year I’ve hopefully corrected that. The weather forecast is decent – sunny with 7-8mph wind – I probably can’t ask for much more than that. Let’s see what happens.

Coaching a first time marathoner

I opened the Whatsapp message which she’d sent after finishing. “Tbh the whole thing felt easy” it read. It had taken 4hr35 to run the cobbled streets of Rome and not only was it her first marathon, she only started training in November and never ran further than 17½ miles (28km). Yet reaching that distance on race day she opened the jets and picked up her pace, running the final kilometres quicker than a 4hr15 marathoner and throwing in a 5:37 kilometre to the finish line. That is not how most marathoners, especially at the slower end of the field get through their first marathon.

Last September my daughter asked me whether she had enough time to train for Rome marathon. I said “Yes” and wrote her a training plan. She responded by not following it and barely doing any running! After six weeks her biggest week had only covered 12miles and a longest run of 1hr16. It was not a great start. It was the arrival of a new flatmate, with whom she could go running, which kickstarted things; I rewrote the plan and from there on she trained diligently for 4½ months to experience a great marathon and finish in the top half of women finishers.

When she signed up, she was barely running, just thirty miles in the preceding six months. In the past she had done occasional morning runs, pushing all-out to achieve around a 27-min 5K, but this needed a different approach. The training plan I gave her built up to running five times per week and peaking at 35 miles and needing a commitment of up to six hours. Apart from when it was raining, I never heard any complaints or desire for training to be over. All in all, I’m really pleased that my coaching and her hard work resulted in a successful first marathon.

With so little running done prior to starting I knew there were some challenges regarding how to prioritise training. There were a number of things needing to be done.

– Get her used to do high volumes of weekly running – I wanted her to run five days per week and train for 5-6 hours. After all if you can’t run five hours in a week, how can you expect to run it in one race?

– There was the all-important question of how to train a slower runner for the distance on the day? As I wrote in The 20-mile myth beginners are wedded to the idea that because committed runners of the past always trained to reach twenty miles they have to as well. Yet the training benefits are highly questionable and I’ve met many of these slower runners whose marathon training becomes a slog because they spend consecutive cold, wet Sundays in February out for four hours or more. On race day they end up walking anyway and taking five hours.

My decision was I would train her by time and the longest run would be 3hr15. But some of these long runs were to be preceded by a run the day before. This would take the total time spent running on a weekend to four hours and closer to her expected race time. It would have to be enough.

– Ideally I wanted to improve her speed because that would then trickle down to her other paces. It’s obvious if you can run a faster easy pace then the long run will cover more ground.

– The last three weeks of training would be taken up by a taper. By necessity this would cut into the weeks available to make progress through training.

– The final factor to account for was the non-running parts of her life. We had Christmas and New Year coming up and currently being based in Italy she was going to do some travelling as well as university exams. I managed to accommodate these around the training with only a few things moved around.

Once training began properly we built the base in November and December. By New Year I was satisfied she could do 5+ hours running every week without injury or illness coming up. To this point, every run had been at an easy pace of 11 minute miles or slower. She didn’t particularly like it as she prefers going out quickly but did what was asked.

Her first two hour long run was reached at the start of December and we built on from there in small manageable chunks so that by mid-January, she was able to do her first three hour run. This was followed by three more runs of three hours including a 3hr15 run which was the longest at 17½ miles, or two-thirds of the marathon distance.

With the base built, I introduced faster midweek runs lasting up to an hour. Initially at a 10:30/mile pace, as the weeks went by the runs quickened up to be as fast as 9:30/mile. These steady runs continued up until the taper began.

In late January I took her to Christchurch 10K – her first official race. I wanted her to get an idea of what a race is like. How much standing around there is, what it’s like to run with other people. Given her best 5K was around 27 minutes, I expected her to run 57-58 minutes. I was amazed when she finished in under 55 minutes – an 8:45/mile pace which was much faster than anything she’d been training at. It was a great result and informed me of the paces required for the rest of her training. With two months to go to race day it was now all about building stamina and endurance for the big day.

On race day, she was aiming to break 4hr30. To keep it simple, I gave instructions to pace at 6:20/km which is running three kilometres every nineteen minutes – nice simple maths. This would bring her in for a time of 4hr27. From the 10K race I knew this was within her capabilities, probably even faster. She was accompanied by her flatmate and they paced themselves consistently except they used a phone to measure the distance rather than going with the race markers. Consequently they were running 10-15sec/km too slow and went through halfway on pace for a 4hr40 marathon. Soon after her flatmate’s leg began to hurt so they separated at 28km and my daughter sped up running to the end at the pace of a 4hr18 marathoner. Not bad considering she’d never run past 28km in training!! Her flatmate, reportedly a 38-min 10K runner but who hadn’t followed any of my training plan, limped home in over five hours.

Later another Whatsapp said “The whole time I could talk easily and the time went very quickly. At no point did it feel long”.

Not many first time marathoners have as an experience as good as this. It all comes down to well-structured training, putting in the miles and running at the right paces. The postrace Whatsapp stated “Didn’t feel hard. Harder training sessions”. And there’s no doubt she put together some good training sessions. Come marathon day, after the taper, it all came together.

The highest volume of training came in January and February where it was eight consecutive weeks averaging around six hours. The monthly mileage was September 10miles, October 30miles, November 76miles, December 109miles, January 132miles, February 133miles and March 81miles including the marathon. Those figures in the middle may sound big and they are, but when carefully built up to and interspersed with lots of easy miles they accumulate without wearing you down. That was a focus of my coaching to maintain motivation and never let it feel like it was becoming too much.

There is no way to run a decent, comfortable marathon without doing the training. I’ve tried and it didn’t go well. Equally it’s possible to do heaps of training and still run a poor one. What I offer to runners is the knowledge of how to structure training optimally to give them a good shot at success on race day.

If you would like me to coach you, either on an ongoing basis, for a specific race or simply to have a one-off training review where I make recommendations on how you can improve your training then please Contact me for a no obligation look at whether I can help you.