The previous parts of this series can be accessed by clicking on the following links where they will open in new windows. Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4.
I wrote this series of posts because there is an idea out there that 180 steps per minute is the perfect number to run at and I want to investigate. Only this past weekend, I came across an interview with Chris McDougall, author of Born to Run, where he stated “For perfect running form you should be running at 90 strides per minute” therefore 180 steps.
The idea that there’s a perfect onesize fits all cadence for people of different heights, weights, speeds and abilities has always seemed wrong to me. Maybe it’s because I’m tall and, when I started running I counted my cadence at 150 steps per minute on easy runs rising to mid-150s when I picked up the pace but hardly ever going over 160 in a race. I always assumed it would increase as I got faster, after all I was rarely running any quicker than 7min/mile. On reflection these lower numbers are partly because my form was poor and I was overstriding yet even today with improved technique I’m still running easy runs in the mid-160s. It might reach 180 at 6min/mile and when I pick up my pace to 5min/mile I start to hit the 190s. When I sprint it rises above 200spm. This is the progression we glimpsed for some of the elites.
To recap, the trend for elite cadence data is that very high cadences are only seen over short distances. As the race distance gets longer, cadence drops until for the majority of runners it reaches 180. That gels with the ‘180-rule’ idea and the drop-off makes sense because the shorter races are run at lower speeds and we know speed is created through a combination of steps and stride length. Sprinters have both high cadences and very long strides – neither of which is sustainable for a distance runner. It is only at the end of a distance race where we see endurance athletes raise their cadence and/or stride length to sprint for the line.
Typically we see the 100m sprinters have cadences in the 280-300 range, 400m runners are 220-260, the middle distance runners at 190-210 and long distance is in the 180-190 range.
It’s very clear that if you want to be a sprinter or middle distance runner it’s going to involve high cadences – well over 200spm. Since writing the post on sprinters, I’ve been reading a book on sprint mechanics which began its research in the the early 1980s and now leads to the fastest sprinters training to create high cadences. But its author is very clear to point out this must not occur at the expense of stride length. An adequate stride length is still required. It points out that when some sprinters have pushed their cadence too high (over 300spm) this has been detrimental to their speed.
Whether or not this increase of cadence, which has worked for sprinters, can validly be transferred to long distance running is debateable. For one thing, if it were transferrable then we might expect to already be seeing numerous elite distance runners with cadences well over 200. Whereas the data I covered found only one long distance runner operating at over 200spm. A reason for this may be because sprinters achieve quicker cadence through use of the hip flexors, a relatively weak muscle group, and therefore distance runners would struggle to maintain high cadences for long periods. Even in the 400m we see the cadence of elite sprinters fatiguing and this is in a race lasting 45-50 seconds.
With most recreational runners being interested in races between 5K and marathon in length, the long distance data is most relevant. Thirty-two runners were detailed – eight men and women in their respective 10,000m and marathon races – and we see a different picture to the one presented by Jack Daniels in his book.
At the 1984 Olympics Daniels recorded only one runner having a cadence below 180, out of the fifty he surveyed. His method was very basic and done with the naked eye but, he has also conducted proper scientific research so while observing from the seats is not perfect; his findings are still worthwhile. Ultimately what’s been important throughout these posts has been to get a rough idea of what runners are doing, not coming up with a perfect number.
By contrast the data used in this series of posts, which is taken from the World Athletics reports, has a high standard of scientific rigour to it. High speed digital cameras filming an area which has been carefully measured and calibrated then using computers to analyse the film. This data showed nine of the distance runners (about 25%) had cadences below 180.
For me, the most interesting of these is seeing Mo Farah’s cadence at 173-178 while running at 4:15-30/mile. He is not just a run of the mill athlete, he won multiple Olympic and World titles, which highlights that while 180 may be something to aim for, it is not a prerequisite for success. While his best time in the marathon (2hr05) is not close to the best of the best; he won the 2018 Chicago marathon which is one of the majors.
Recreational paces
What we aren’t seeing from any of this data is what the elites are doing at typical recreational paces which are often 8min/mile or slower. In the marathon, we have data from the men at both the 30 and 40km marks and we see their cadence dropping as they slowed towards 6min/mile. That would suggest that if they run at even slower paces their cadence will drop further. Perhaps.
The marathon data also has three runners who are slower than 6min/mile which is a pace many decent club runners can achieve. The cadences are 175, 185, 186spm – so there is nothing conclusive there.
Rereading a later edition of Daniels’ Running Formula book he mentions that he treadmilled an Olympic marathon gold medallist for their cadence. At 7min/mile it was 184, at 6min/mile 186 and at 5min/mile had reached 190. This is very much in line with what we see in how the cadences drop off in the men’s marathon data reviewed. Yet it is also very different to what Mo Farah is doing in the 10,000m where he is running significantly faster than with lower cadences.
One reason often given for creating a high cadence is to avoid injury. There is some logic, particularly for marathoners, where a higher cadence means a short stride and less vertical displacement i.e. they don’t go as high in the air and therefore don’t hit the ground with as much force. Their effort is used to go more horizontally. A good example of this is Tirunesh Dibaba in the 10,000m race; where she has a high cadence especially when sprinting in the home straight (228spm) and she must be barely leaving the ground with each step. Some years before this race she had moved up to the marathon and so the lower impact is seen as beneficial when you’re running well over one hundred miles per week.
Final thoughts
Most recreational runners are interested in the distance races – anything from 5K to marathon and maybe beyond. When they go out on easy runs they are doing paces of 8min/mile or slower; some of the decent club runners are closer to 7min/mile.
We have no specific detail on what the elites do at these paces but if your cadence is already in the 180-190 range – when you run faster you will need to increase your stride length to get significantly quicker. It may be possible to increase your cadence towards 200 but the data suggests it won’t go much higher. To improve stride length you are going to have to work on strength and speed making sure you are getting full hip extension.
If your cadence is below 160 at slower paces, it may not be an issue particularly if you are tall or muscular but it may be something to consider looking at. Often the advice about 180 cadence is intended to stop runners from overstriding which can lead to injuries. Certainly if you have recurring injuries then it may be worth looking at video of yourself running in conjunction with considering whether to increase cadence.
Ultimately though, the cadence data is there to support your running; not be an end goal. Every step you take on a run is a combination of stride length which involves ground contact time, air time, vertical displacement among other things. All these variables interact. Changing one will affect others.
Elite runners run how they feel comfortable. Sometimes it is a high cadence, sometimes it is a low one. Some like Mo Farah have a long stride with low cadence, others like Tirunesh Dibaba are getting their feet to contact the ground as often as possible.
If you enjoyed these articles why not take a look at the ones I wrote about Stride Length – part 1 and part 2.
Big Red Running 